The Constellations
International Astronomical UnionOfficial names, three-letter abbreviations, and boundaries of the 88 modern constellations.
- Used for
- constellation identification, IAU code, and modern status
Sources
Every source has a defined scope: an astronomical catalogue cannot prove a theological conclusion, and a biblical quotation cannot establish the etymology of a star name.
Bibliography
Astronomical data and standards
Naming Stars
IAU Working Group on Star NamesStandardized proper names of stars and the rules governing their official use.
- Used for
- the modern form of a proper star name and the object to which it belongs
HYG Stellar Database, version 4.1
David Nash / AstronexusAn archived snapshot of the open stellar catalogue combining astrometric data from Hipparcos, the Yale Bright Star Catalogue, and Gliese. This exact version is used by the atlas generator.
- Used for
- coordinates and stellar content of the atlas visualizations
Stellarium Modern sky culture, version 26.1
Stellarium contributorsLines, figures, and image anchors from the modern Western sky culture.
- Used for
- topography, adjacency of figures, constellation lines, and illustrations
ConstellationLines: BSC stars used to draw the constellations
Marc van der SluysBSC/HR star sequences for drawing geometric line figures of all 88 constellations. The data is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International license.
- Used for
- an additional geometric constellation framework; BSC/HR identifiers are mapped to HIP and J2000 coordinates through HYG 4.1
- Edition
- hemel.waarnemen.com
- Date
- 2005–2023
Wikidata
Wikimedia Foundation and contributorsAstronomical entity identifiers used to connect atlas pages to the knowledge graph.
- Used for
- machine-readable identification of an astronomical object
Stellarium Babylonian (MUL.APIN) sky culture, version 26.1
Susanne M. Hoffmann et al. / Stellarium contributorsThe historical “Babylonian (MUL.APIN)” sky culture for Stellarium: Sumerian–Akkadian names, cuneiform, pronunciation, lines and figure art based on the MUL.APIN catalogue (pre-Greek layer without the 12-sign zodiac). Text/data license: CC BY-ND 4.0.
- Used for
- Babylonian map visualization in the Web Engine; cross-checking MUL-names on constellation pages; evidence for the antiquity of the Moon-path constellation belt
- Edition
- Stellarium project
- Date
- v26.1
Bibliography
History of the sky and etymology
A Dictionary of Modern Star Names: A Short Guide to 254 Star Names and Their Derivations
Paul Kunitzsch, Tim SmartA reference work on the forms, source languages, and etymologies of traditional star names.
- Used for
- Arabic and medieval forms of star names and their etymology
- Edition
- Sky Publishing Corporation
- Date
- 2006
- ISBN
- 978-1-931559-44-7
MUL.APIN: An Astronomical Compendium in Cuneiform
Hermann Hunger, David PingreeAn edition and study of the Mesopotamian astronomical compendium MUL.APIN (c. 1000 BC): 71 stars/constellations of the “Three Ways,” the path of the Moon (17 or 18 stations — the direct forerunner of the 12-sign zodiac), heliacal risings, calendar, and related observations. It shows that the zodiacal belt and many still-recognisable figures (Bull, Lion, Scorpion, Goat-Fish, etc.) predate Greek mythology and are not a late invention.
- Used for
- Sumerian–Akkadian MUL-names, the sequence of the Moon’s path, pre-Greek zodiacal topography; evidence for the antiquity of the mazzaroth / zodiacal belt
- Edition
- Archiv für Orientforschung, Beiheft 24
- Date
- 1989
Babylonian star catalogues and the “Three Stars Each” tradition
Mesopotamian astronomical tradition (secondary overview)The historical layer of Babylonian catalogues: “Three Stars Each” (division of the sky into the paths of Enlil, Anu, and Enki; 36 stars) and the later lists that feed into MUL.APIN. Written in cuneiform (determinative MUL 𒀯). Later Babylonian texts (5th cent. BC) normalize 12 equal signs of 30° — the form transmitted to Egypt and Greece and surviving in the modern zodiac.
- Used for
- context of catalogues before MUL.APIN; origin of the 12-sign zodiac; relating mazzaroth (Job 38:32) to ancient Near-Eastern sky division
- Date
- XII–I вв. до н. э.
The Aramaic Astronomical Book (4Q208–4Q211) from Qumran: Text, Translation, and Commentary
Henryk DrawnelA critical edition, translation, and commentary on the four Aramaic manuscripts of the Astronomical Book from Qumran.
- Used for
- textual and historical control of Enochic astronomical material and the limits of reconstruction
- Edition
- Oxford University Press
- Date
- 2011
- ISBN
- 978-0-19-959043-8
Origins of the ancient constellations: I. The Mesopotamian traditions; II. The Mediterranean traditions
John H. RogersA historiographical survey of the formation of Mesopotamian and Mediterranean constellation traditions.
- Used for
- dating and comparison of ancient layers of sky tradition
- Edition
- Journal of the British Astronomical Association
- Date
- 1998
Star Tales
Ian RidpathA historical reference work on the origins of classical and early-modern European constellations.
- Used for
- cartographers, dates of introduction, and the history of later constellations
- Edition
- Lutterworth Press
- Date
- 2018
Reference Systems — Basics of Space Flight, Chapter 2
NASA ScienceA reference explanation of axial precession, its approximate 26,000-year period, and the present position of Polaris near the north celestial pole.
- Used for
- the physical basis of precession and the separation of astronomical calculation from the project's interpretation
Bibliography
Primary sources
Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews I.2.3 (on Seth and astronomy)
Flavius JosephusJosephus relates a Jewish tradition that the descendants of Seth discovered or preserved knowledge of the heavenly bodies and recorded it so that wisdom would not perish after the Flood. Used as historical testimony to an ancient transmission of astronomical learning — not as an astronomical catalogue and not as canonical Scripture.
- Used for
- methodological premise: antiquity knew and transmitted a tradition of “reading” the sky; continuity from the patriarchs to later generations
- Date
- ок. 93–94 н. э.
Aratus, Phaenomena
Aratus of SoliAn ancient description of the constellations and their relative positions, used as a primary historical text.
- Used for
- ancient Greek figures, names, and topographical descriptions
- Date
- III век до н. э.
1 Enoch, chapter 82: The Stars which lead the Seasons and the Months
Anonymous Enochic corpus; translated by R. H. CharlesThe primary text listing the four seasonal leaders, leaders of the orders, and chiefs of a thousand among the stars. It does not identify them with modern astronomical objects.
- Used for
- name forms and the hierarchy of stellar leaders in 1 Enoch 82; not as proof that a name corresponds to a particular modern star
- Edition
- The Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha of the Old Testament
- Date
- 1912
The Sibylline Oracles, Book II
Anonymous Jewish-Christian corpusA late antique non-canonical corpus. Book II contains a literary image of a radiant heavenly crown, spiritual contest, and reward.
- Used for
- literary evidence for the image of a heavenly crown; not treated as a canonical biblical text
- Edition
- Translated by Milton S. Terry, 2nd edition
- Date
- 1899
The Sibylline Oracles, Books III–V
Anonymous Jewish-Christian corpus; translated by H. N. BateAt the end of Book V, constellations appear as participants in a cosmic battle: their customary arrangement is disrupted before heaven casts down the combatants.
- Used for
- the literary image of a battle among constellations and an eschatological disruption of heavenly order; not for astronomical identification or dating
- Edition
- Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge
- Date
- 1918
Hyginus, Astronomica, Book II
Pseudo-Hyginus; translated by Mary GrantA Latin handbook of constellation mythology. Its description of the Kneeler records the right-knee pose and the foot pressing the Dragon’s head.
- Used for
- ancient iconography of Hercules and Draco and variants of classical constellation myths
- Edition
- University of Kansas Publications in Humanistic Studies
- Date
- 1960
Philo of Alexandria, Allegorical Interpretation I
Philo of Alexandria; translated by C. D. YongeIn his discussion of the number seven, Philo associates the seven stars of the Bear with human fellowship and unity.
- Used for
- a Jewish-Hellenistic allegorical reading of the seven-star Bear
- Edition
- The Works of Philo Judaeus
- Date
- 1854–1855
Philo of Alexandria, On the Creation, 114–115
Philo of Alexandria; translated by C. D. YongePhilo describes the Great Bear as a navigational guide and connects the rising and setting of the Pleiades with the agricultural calendar.
- Used for
- ancient evidence for the navigational role of the Great Bear and the calendrical role of the Pleiades
- Edition
- The Works of Philo Judaeus
- Date
- 1854–1855
The Bible, Russian Synodal Translation
The primary Russian text of biblical quotations in the atlas unless another translation is identified beside a quotation.
- Used for
- biblical quotations and canonical references in the Russian edition
- Edition
- Russian Bible Society / Synodal Printing House
- Date
- 1876